1	Vietnam War AS - I H - 34
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5	Vietnam War Even in the 1940s, President Truman provided economic and military aid to prevent the growth of Communist power in what was then French Indochina.
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7	Vietnam War When France withdrew from the area in 1954, the Geneva Accords divided Vietnam into two segments at the 17th Parallel: North Vietnam, ruled by the Communist VietMinh; and South Vietnam, controlled by non-Communist allies of the French.
8	Vietnam War SEATO - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Formed to guarantee the security of the region Members U.S., England, France, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Pakistan and Thailand Gave US international backing for action
9	Vietnam War Cold War warriors in the United States believed that Communist aggression posed a threat in Asia. They especially feared a Communist takeover of Vietnam. If Vietnam fell, they believed, Communism would engulf all of Southeast Asia. Limited War Limited Objectives
10	Vietnam War Communists in Vietnam began their takeover by moving their forces and supplies into the South to aid an communist-led insurgency US began involvement providing technical and administrative aid limited war for limited objectives
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12	Vietnam War The United States supported non-Communist South Vietnam and in subsequent decades increased its commitment to the region. Under Eisenhower, from 1955 to 1961, America sent economic aid to South Vietnam. Limited War Limited Objectives
13	Vietnam War A Vietnamese Buddhist monk burned himself to death in an act of protest against the Diem government in June 1963. Constituting a majority of the country’s population, Buddhists in Vietnam accused the Diem government of religious discrimination.
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16	Vietnam War Kennedy continued Eisenhower's efforts in Vietnam by tripling American aid to South Vietnam and by expanding the number of military advisers from about 700 to more than 16,000. In 1963 the United States approved a coup led by South Vietnamese military officers to overthrow Diem, who was killed. Limited War Limited Objectives
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18	Vietnam War A few weeks later, Kennedy was assassinated and Lyndon B. Johnson became president. Johnson inherited the problem of U.S. commitment to South Vietnam, where Communist insurgents were gaining strength Limited War Limited Objectives
19	Vietnam War Vietnam War began when Ho Chi Minh backed by the Soviet Union & Red China attempted to take the entire country of Vietnam Also supported by South Vietnam rebels - Vietcong Limited War Limited Objectives
20	Vietnam War Most important, Johnson did not want to be the first American president to lose a war. He enlarged the war in Vietnam. After an allegedly unprovoked attack on U.S. warships in the Gulf of Tonkin off North Vietnam in August 1964, Johnson authorized limited bombing raids on North Vietnam. Limited War Limited Objectives
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22	Vietnam War At the administration’s request, Congress then offered an almost unanimous resolution, known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, that enabled the president to use military force in Vietnam. In 1965, after a landslide victory in the 1964 election—when voters endorsed his platform of domestic reform and peace abroad—Johnson again escalated American involvement.
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24	Vietnam War President Lyndon Johnson ordered deployment of Air Force units to Southeast Asia Objective was to stop the North from taking over the South Limited War Limited Objectives
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26	Vietnam War First commitment of combat troops - 1964 triggered by incident in Gulf of Tonkin North Vietnamese patrol boats fired on US destroyer
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28	Vietnam War Reconsidering his earlier policies, Johnson limited bombing in Southeast Asia and initiated peace talks with Hanoi and the NLF. Johnson decided not to seek reelection and withdrew from the race. The president became a political casualty of the Vietnam War.
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31	Vietnam War At home, the war generated intense debate. "Hawks" assailed the policy of limited war and favored an all-out effort to defeat Communism in Vietnam. "Doves," in contrast, believed that the United States should never have become involved in Vietnam. Limited War Limited Objectives
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33	Vietnam War Vietnam remained a limited war, one in which the United States purposely refrained from employing all its military strength. Some contended that politicians prevented the military from winning the war, or that military leaders had no strategy for victory. Limited Objectives
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35	Vietnam War By 1968 more than 500,000 troops were in Vietnam, and the United States had begun heavy bombing of North Vietnam. The United States never declared war on North Vietnam or made a total commitment to winning the war.
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37	Vietnam War US involvement based on 4 points of strategy: Improve ground operations Conduct a campaign against North Vietnam Calm the fear of the people & restore government control
38	Vietnam War US involvement based on 4 points of strategy: Begin peace discussions All strategies were open ended and had no way of measuring accomplishment
39	Vietnam War “Vietnamization” under President Nixon provided advice and material support to allow the Vietnamese to take control of the war
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41	Vietnam War From 1965 until the end of 1972, American B-52s flew regular bombing raids over North Vietnam. The United States had begun bombing Laos as early as 1964, targeting areas used by North Vietnamese and National Liberation Front (NLF) fighters. B-52s were also used extensively from 1969 until 1973 to bomb Cambodia, in an attempt to destroy the headquarters of the North Vietnamese and the NLF.
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43	Vietnam War Linebacker I B-52 bombing of North Vietnam designed to cut off supply lines to the communist forces in the South
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45	Vietnam War Linebacker II B-52 bombing of North Vietnam hardest hitting campaign of the war - virtually damaged or destroyed all military facilities in Hanoi
46	Vietnam War Bombing brought the peace talks in Paris to end the war Vietnam was the longest war in US history combat lasted 8 years
47	Vietnam War In 1973, as Nixon began a second term, the United States and North Vietnam signed a peace treaty in Paris, which provided for a cease-fire. The terms of the cease-fire included: American withdrawal of all remaining forces from Vietnam, Vietnamese return of American prisoners captured during war, and the end of all foreign military operations in Laos and Cambodia.
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49	Vietnam War On January 27, 1973, a cease-fire agreement was signed by all the participants in the Vietnam War. United States president Richard Nixon announced the terms of the agreement in a televised address. Although the agreement provided for the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam, it did not resolve the conflict. Fighting continued until South Vietnam surrendered in 1975.
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51	Vietnam War The Vietnam War affected the United States in many ways. Most immediately, it spurred policy changes. The United States ended the military draft and switched to an all-volunteer army.
52	Vietnam War Congress passed the War Powers Resolution over Nixon’s veto in November 1973. The resolution limited the president’s ability to send troops into combat without congressional consent. Its passage reflected legislators’ desire to restrain presidential power and to prevent U.S. involvement in a war like that in Vietnam.
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54	Vietnam War Results of the war included: Ending the draft Television news impact on public opinion over the war War Powers Act of 1973 - limited Presidents power to wage war with out Congressional approval
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56	Vietnam War American troops left Vietnam, but the war between North Vietnam and South Vietnam continued. South Vietnam finally fell in April 1975, as North Vietnamese forces entered Saigon.
57	Vietnam War Lessons Learned: US cannot win a counterinsurgency in another country; only the government and people of that country can do so
58	Vietnam War Lessons Learned: No amount of force can win a war against people and gain their loyalty to the established government The people of the US underestimated the enemy’s ability to wage war
59	Vietnam War Lessons Learned: Gradual use of air power is ineffective Congressional and popular support in a limited war is important
60	Vietnam War John Levitow was the youngest airman to earn the Medal of Honor in Vietnam General “Chappie” James was the first black four star general in the Air Force
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62	Vietnam War More than 58,000 Americans were killed in Vietnam, and over 300,000 were wounded. Even after the war's end, Americans continued to debate its purpose and the meaning of its failure.
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64	"Total US Military Personnel in..." Total US Military Personnel in Vietnam Date and Total Personnel 31 December 1960 31 December 1961 900 3,200 31 December 1962 31 December 1963 11,500 16,300 31 December 1964 31 December 1965 23,300 184,300 31 December 1966 31 December 1967 425,300 485,600 31 December 1968 31 December 1969 536,100 474,400 31 December 1970 9 June 1971 335,800 250,900
65	Vietnam War First war to hold prisoners of war for long periods of time without adherence to the Geneva Convention held without medical attention tortured for information not given proper food to eat
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74	Vietnam War Movie Hanoi Hilton is a graphic example of the treatment of US prisoners or war in North Vietnam Many men endured years of solitary confinement in the most despicable conditions